Ecolab

Restructuring charges are supposed to be non-recurring. When they recur year after year, they stop being noise and start telling you something important about the business.

Defined-benefit pensions can rival a company's bonded debt — yet they sit off the balance sheet. Here's how to find the shortfall and which industrials carry it.

What counts as healthy NRR depends on the software category. Here's a framework for separating durable expansion from re-pricing tricks and outright fantasy.

The MD&A reveals as much by omission as by content. A framework for spotting what management chose to highlight, downplay, or quietly leave out of their narrative.

Capitalized software costs can turn a money-losing business into a GAAP profit. Here's how to spot the accounting choice that quietly flatters earnings.

A repeatable framework for writing down why you own a stock, what would break the thesis, and when to actually sell — before the news hits and emotion takes over.